Bhanu Singh, Abhineet, Piyush Yadav, Dheer Pratap, P Smriti Rao, Shashi Bhushan and Shabbeer Ahmad
Abstract
The impacts of conventional urea and nano-urea fertilizers on major cereal crops in India, emphasizing sustainability and efficiency. Urea, a primary nitrogen source since the Green Revolution, has significantly boosted crop yields due to its high nitrogen content and affordability. Its low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of around 30-50%- leads to considerable nitrogen losses through volatilization, leaching, and runoff, resulting in environmental degradation and financial burdens for farmers. These issues, including soil degradation and nitrate contamination, highlight the need for more sustainable alternatives. Nano-urea, developed through nanotechnology, offers a promising solution with an NUE of 80-85%, achieved through direct foliar application and nano-sized particles for enhanced uptake. The performance of nano-urea compared with conventional urea on cereals such as rice, wheat, maize, and millet is essential for Indiaâs food security. Field trials show that nano-urea can reduce nitrogen losses by 50% and improve yields by 7-10%, depending on crop type and region. Nano-ureaâs reduced environmental footprint includes lower greenhouse gas emissions and less nitrate runoff, aligning with Indiaâs sustainable agriculture goals. Despite its promise, challenges remain in production capacity, rural distribution, and farmer awareness. This analysis provides insights into nano-ureaâs economic and environmental benefits and advocates policy support, increased subsidies, and educational programs to promote adoption. By focusing on the advantages and challenges of both fertilizers, this study aims to guide sustainable fertilizer use in India, ensuring enhanced productivity with minimal ecological impact.