M. Sivagami, S. Thillainatrajan and K. Veeravelan
Abstract
Lead contamination poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to its high toxicity and persistence. In this study, Agro-waste-derived biochar was functionalized with magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles via a green synthesis route to produce a cost-effective and eco-friendly nano composite adsorbent. The material was thoroughly characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, and UVâVis spectroscopy to assess its structural, morphological, and adsorption properties. FTIR analysis revealed the involvement of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in Pb²+ binding, while XRD confirmed the incorporation of crystalline Fe3O4 into the biochar matrix. SEM and EDX indicated surface modification and Pb deposition post-adsorption. BET analysis showed a surface area reduction from 75.6 m²/g to 58.3 m²/g, suggesting pore blockage by adsorbed Pb²+ ions. UVâVis spectroscopy demonstrated efficient Pb²+ removal, as indicated by a marked decline in absorbance at 280 nm. Overall, the green-synthesized FeOâbio char nanocomposite shows strong potential for sustainable lead remediation in wastewater.