M. Sivagami, S. Thillainatrajan and K. Veeravelan
Abstract
This study compares pristine biochar (BC) with graphene-biochar nanocomposites (GBC) synthesized using green and economical methods for multi-metal adsorption. FTIR, XRD, SEMâEDX, BET, and UV-Vis analyses confirmed that graphene incorporation significantly enhanced surface area, porosity, and functional groups in GBC. Adsorption tests for Pb²z, Cd²z, and Crvz showed that GBC achieved much higher removal efficiencies and Langmuir monolayer capacities than BC. Kinetic modeling indicated pseudo-second-order chemisorption. Overall, GBC demonstrates strong potential as a high-performance, sustainable adsorbent for wastewater treatment.