Jyotishma Das and Proyut Bhattacharya
Abstract
Trees outside forests (TOF) are considered as a predominant natural resource base that is substantially involved in contributing to national biomass and carbon stocks and enhance the livelihood of people in many regions. TOF is the most potential way for CO2 sequestration and for contribution towards achieving net-zero target of the country by low economic input. Over the last decades, there have been an increasing awareness regarding the importance of TOF among various stakeholders. Tree resource counting is now considered in forest monitoring systems by the government of India. Some of the prominent examples of TOF sub-systems in tropical countries include intercropping, trees planted in hedgerows and along fence lines, commercial plantation, roadside avenue plantation, intercropped trees for the production of shade and fodder and home gardens. This paper is based on review to analyse the different dimensions of TOF resources, including extent of TOF, ecosystem services provided by TOF, types of TOF, challenges and future perspectives of TOF in India. The key drivers contributing to the growth of TOF in India discussed in this paper are government initiatives, policy support, market and technology use. However, there are challenges confronting TOF in India such as environmental threats, limited land availability, climate vulnerability and resource needs for highest populous country. Addressing them through informed policy, stakeholder engagement and sustainable practices can contribute in unlocking the full potential of TOF in achieving Indiaâs Sustainable Developmental Goals.