Ashish Shukla, Satyendra Nath and Antony Joseph Raj
Abstract
The present study evaluates the seasonal and inter-annual variations in physico-chemical and biological water quality parameters across two consecutive years. Parameters including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, and nutrients (nitrate, sulphate, phosphate) were analyzed seasonally (summer, monsoon, winter). Results demonstrated that Year 1 values were within or near acceptable limits, whereas Year 2 exhibited drastic deterioration in multiple parameters, with critically low DO (1.2 mg/l in winter), elevated BOD (62.5 mg/l, COD (230 mg/l), turbidity (46.3 NTU), and high nutrient enrichment. Seasonal trends revealed that summer was driven by evaporation-induced concentration, monsoon by runoff and turbidity, and winter by severe stagnation and organic pollution. The findings highlight increasing anthropogenic pressures, nutrient enrichment, and eutrophication risk. Recommendations include stricter effluent regulation, seasonal monitoring, and nutrient load management.